Views on Depression
Depression, as a mental health condition, was not
explicitly understood or diagnosed in ancient Greece in the way it is
recognized today. However, there are some references and depictions in ancient
Greek literature and philosophy that may provide some insights into how
depression was perceived during that time.
1. Melancholia:
The term "melancholia" was used in ancient Greece to describe a state
of extreme sadness or sorrow. It was considered one of the four temperaments
along with sanguine, choleric, and phlegmatic. Melancholia was associated with
the element of earth and was thought to be caused by an excess of black bile.
This concept of melancholia shares some similarities with modern-day
depression, though it was likely seen more as a physical condition than a
mental one.
2. Hippocratic
Writings: The Hippocratic texts, which were written in ancient Greece,
described various mental and physical ailments, including emotional
disturbances. Some of the symptoms mentioned in these texts might have been
similar to what we now associate with depression. However, the understanding
and treatment of these conditions were primarily rooted in humoral theory,
which focused on balancing bodily fluids.
3. Philosophical
Perspectives: Ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, discussed
the human psyche and emotions in their works. Plato, for example, addressed the
concept of sorrow and its impact on the soul. Aristotle, too, wrote about the
connection between emotions and mental well-being. While their writings touched
on aspects related to mental distress, they did not have a comprehensive
understanding of depression as a distinct mental disorder.
4. Divine and Supernatural Beliefs: In ancient Greece, as in many other ancient cultures, mental health issues were sometimes attributed to divine or supernatural causes. People believed that certain gods or spirits could influence a person's mental state, leading to emotional disturbances.
Melancholia vs Depression
In ancient Greece, melancholia was a term used to
describe a state of extreme sadness or sorrow, and it shares some similarities
with modern-day depression. However, it is essential to recognize that the
ancient Greek concept of melancholia was not the same as the clinical diagnosis
of depression used in modern psychology and psychiatry.
The term "melancholia" comes from the Greek words
"melas" (black) and "cholē" (bile) and was associated with
an imbalance of black bile, one of the four humors in ancient Greek medicine.
According to the humoral theory, the human body was believed to be governed by
four fluids or humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile), and an
excess or imbalance of any of these humors was thought to cause various
physical and mental health problems.
Melancholia was considered one of the four temperaments,
along with sanguine, choleric, and phlegmatic, each associated with different
personality traits and physical characteristics. Melancholic individuals were
believed to have an excess of black bile, which was thought to make them prone
to sadness, introspection, and sensitivity.
While there are some parallels between melancholia and
depression, it's important to note that the ancient Greek understanding of
melancholia was rooted in humoral theory and did not involve the comprehensive
understanding of mental health conditions as recognized today.
In modern clinical terms, depression is a complex and
multifaceted mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness,
loss of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in sleep and appetite,
fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating, and
sometimes thoughts of self-harm. Depression is diagnosed based on specific
criteria outlined in standardized diagnostic systems like the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International
Classification of Diseases (ICD).
In contrast, melancholia in ancient Greece was a broader
concept, encompassing a range of emotional and behavioral states attributed to
an imbalance of black bile. While both melancholia and depression involve
feelings of profound sadness, their underlying explanations and approaches to
treatment were vastly different due to the cultural and medical contexts in
which they were understood.
Hippocrates on Depression
The Hippocratic writings, attributed to the ancient Greek
physician Hippocrates (c. 460-370 BCE), provide some insights into how
emotional distress, including what might be considered depression today, was
perceived during that time. While the term "depression" was not
explicitly used, the Hippocratic texts mentioned various mental and emotional
ailments, which offer glimpses into how such conditions were understood and
approached in ancient Greece.
1. Humoral
Theory: The Hippocratic writings were deeply influenced by the humoral theory,
which posited that health and illness were determined by the balance of four
bodily fluids or humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. An
imbalance of these humors was believed to cause physical and mental ailments, including
emotional disturbances.
2. Melancholia:
As discussed earlier, melancholia, which was associated with an excess of black
bile, was considered one of the temperaments in the humoral theory. Melancholic
individuals were thought to be more prone to sadness and sorrow.
3. Natural
Causes: Hippocratic physicians believed that both physical and mental illnesses
had natural causes, and they focused on understanding the connection between
environmental factors, bodily processes, and health conditions. Emotional disturbances,
including melancholia, were seen as natural responses to certain life events or
imbalances in bodily fluids.
4. Observation
and Clinical Diagnosis: Hippocratic physicians emphasized the importance of
careful observation and clinical diagnosis. They recognized the importance of
understanding a patient's symptoms, medical history, and environmental factors
to diagnose and treat various conditions.
5. Holistic
Approach: The Hippocratic approach to medicine was holistic, taking into
account not only physical symptoms but also the mental and emotional aspects of
a patient's health. They viewed the mind and body as interconnected, and
emotional well-being was considered integral to overall health.
6. Therapeutic
Approaches: The treatment of emotional disturbances in the Hippocratic texts
involved a combination of lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and herbal
remedies aimed at restoring humoral balance. Therapeutic approaches aimed to
address both the physical and mental aspects of a patient's condition.
Plato on Depression
Plato did not specifically discuss depression as a
clinical diagnosis, as the concept of depression as understood in modern
psychology and medicine did not exist during his time. However, some of Plato's
writings and philosophical ideas touch on themes related to emotional distress
and mental well-being.
One of the dialogues where Plato explores emotions is
"Phaedrus," in which he discusses the soul and its various aspects.
While not explicitly about depression, this dialogue touches on the impact of
emotions on the human psyche and how emotions can influence one's actions and
behavior.
In Plato's view, the soul is divided into three parts:
the rational part (associated with reason and intellect), the spirited part
(associated with emotions and desires), and the appetitive part (associated
with basic bodily needs and desires). Plato believed that the ideal soul is one
in which the rational part dominates over the other two parts.
In this context, Plato mentions the dangers of excessive
emotions, such as sorrow, anger, and pleasure, when they overpower reason. He
warns against succumbing to irrational emotions and advocates for the
cultivation of rationality and self-control to achieve a balanced and virtuous
soul.
While Plato's writings do not directly address depression
as a mental health condition, his exploration of emotions and the importance of
maintaining emotional balance has philosophical implications that resonate with
modern concepts of mental well-being. His emphasis on reason, self-awareness,
and inner harmony can be seen as principles that contribute to emotional health
and resilience, which are relevant in understanding and addressing various
emotional and psychological challenges, including those related to depression.
Aristotle on Depression
Aristotle, another prominent ancient Greek philosopher
(384-322 BCE), also discussed emotions and the human psyche in his works. While
he did not specifically address depression as a clinical diagnosis, some of his
philosophical ideas touched on aspects related to emotional well-being and
mental states.
1. Emotional
Virtues: In his ethical work "Nicomachean Ethics," Aristotle
emphasized the concept of "virtue" or "excellence of
character." He discussed emotions, such as anger, fear, and desire, and
suggested that the key to emotional well-being lies in finding the right
balance or "golden mean" between excess and deficiency. For instance,
he considered courage as a virtue that lies between the extremes of
recklessness and cowardice.
2. Eudaimonia:
Aristotle's ethical theory centered on the pursuit of eudaimonia, often
translated as "happiness" or "flourishing." He argued that
achieving eudaimonia involves living a life of virtue, engaging in rational and
meaningful activities, and fulfilling one's potential. Emotional well-being was
seen as an integral part of attaining this state of flourishing.
3. Psychological
Faculties: Aristotle described the human soul as having rational, appetitive,
and vegetative faculties. The rational part of the soul was associated with
reason and intellect, and the appetitive part was connected to emotions,
desires, and impulses. Aristotle acknowledged the significance of emotions in
influencing human behavior and believed that emotions could be cultivated and
developed through proper education and training.
4. Intellectual
Pursuits: Aristotle considered philosophical contemplation and intellectual
pursuits as essential for attaining a higher level of well-being and
fulfillment. Engaging in intellectual activities was seen as a means to elevate
the mind and overcome negative emotions.
Treatment
In ancient Greece, the understanding and treatment of
emotional distress, including what might be considered depression today, were
quite different from modern clinical approaches. The prevailing medical and
philosophical beliefs of the time heavily influenced the ways in which
emotional disturbances were addressed.
Here are some of the general methods that might have been
employed to treat emotional distress in ancient Greece:
Humoral Balancing
The dominant medical theory in ancient Greece was the
humoral theory, which posited that health and illness were determined by the
balance of bodily fluids or humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black
bile). To treat emotional disturbances like melancholia, physicians would have
attempted to restore the humoral balance. For instance, if a person was
believed to have an excess of black bile leading to melancholic symptoms,
treatments might have focused on reducing black bile through dietary changes,
herbal remedies, or purging. Here are some methods that might have been
employed to balance the humors:
1. Dietary
Changes: Physicians would have recommended specific dietary adjustments to help
balance the humors. For melancholy, foods that were believed to reduce black
bile or promote its elimination might have been suggested. Conversely, foods
thought to increase black bile might have been restricted.
2. Herbal
Remedies: Medicinal herbs and botanical substances were commonly used in
ancient Greek medicine. Herbal remedies might have been prescribed to address
imbalances in bodily fluids, including black bile associated with melancholy.
3. Purging:
In certain cases, purging methods such as bloodletting or induced vomiting
might have been used to reduce excess black bile. The idea was to remove the
humors believed to be causing the imbalance.
4. Lifestyle
Modifications: Physicians would have advised patients to make lifestyle changes
to promote overall health and well-being. Engaging in physical activities,
spending time outdoors, and maintaining a balanced lifestyle were considered
important factors in promoting humoral balance.
5. Fasting
and Dieting: Controlled fasting or specific dietary regimens might have been
recommended to bring about humoral equilibrium. These practices were believed
to restore the body's natural balance and alleviate melancholic symptoms.
6. Emotional
and Environmental Considerations: Since humoral imbalances were believed to be
influenced by environmental and emotional factors, physicians might have
advised patients to manage stress, avoid excessive emotions, and maintain a
peaceful living environment.
Lifestyle Modifications
Physicians in ancient Greece recognized the importance of
lifestyle factors in health and well-being. Here are some lifestyle
modifications that might have been recommended for individuals experiencing
emotional distress in ancient Greece:
1. Physical
Activity: Engaging in regular physical activity was valued in ancient Greek
society for its positive impact on overall health. Physical exercises, such as
walking, running, or participating in sports, were believed to promote physical
and mental well-being. Gymnasiums in Ancient Greece were institutions dedicated
to physical and spiritual instruction. Therefore, one discipline was
related to the other.
2. Spending
Time in Nature: The ancient Greeks appreciated the healing power of nature.
Spending time outdoors, especially in natural settings like gardens or scenic
landscapes, was believed to have a calming and therapeutic effect on the mind.
And sunlight was one of the main keys of the Greek cure for depression.
3. Social
Interactions: Being part of a supportive community and maintaining social
connections were considered important for emotional well-being. Participating
in social gatherings, discussions, and communal activities provided opportunities
for people to share their feelings and seek support from others.
4. Balanced
Diet: Diet played a crucial role in ancient Greek medicine. A balanced diet
consisting of fresh fruits, vegetables, grains, and moderate amounts of meat
was believed to contribute to overall health and vitality.
5. Music
and Art: Music and art were highly valued in ancient Greek culture and were
considered to have therapeutic effects. Listening to music or engaging in
artistic activities, such as painting or sculpting, might have been encouraged
to lift the spirits and alleviate emotional distress.
6. Philosophical
Contemplation: Philosophical discussions and contemplation of higher truths
were believed to elevate the mind and promote emotional well-being. Engaging in
philosophical pursuits, such as reading philosophical works or participating in
philosophical dialogues, was considered intellectually enriching.
7. Meditation
and Reflection: The practice of self-reflection and introspection was valued in
ancient Greek society. Taking time for personal reflection and meditation might
have been recommended to gain insights into one's emotions and thoughts.
Herbal
Remedies in Ancient Greece
·
Oregano (Latin name: Origanum vulgare
hirtum) is by far the most popular herb in Greece! Among all oregano in the
world, Greek oregano is considered “true oregano” and is the most pungent and
strongest medicinally. The name is derived from the Greek word origanon
meaning "joy of the mountain" (oros "mountain" and
the verb ganousthai "delight in"). In ancient mythology, the
goddess of love Aphrodite planted the herb in her garden on Mt. Olympus to
demonstrate to humans the physical representation of happiness. The herb was
then woven into wedding crowns for newly married couples to ensure a happy
marriage.
Among its many medicinal
benefits, oregano has antioxidant components that boost immunity, kill
bacteria, and increase production of white blood cells, which aids in faster
recovery from illness. It has Omega-3 fatty acids that help rebalance
cholesterol levels, support heart health, and strengthen bones, and is high in
minerals the stimulate the liver’s ability to detox.
·
Tsai Tou Vounou (Sideritis) is
known as mountain tea because it grows wild throughout the mountainsides of
Greece. In ancient times, it was administered to wounds caused by iron weapons
during battle, and subsequently was also called ironwort. Greek sideritis
is literally translated to “he who is made of iron.” Customarily, the whole
herb is used in an infusion (short boiling time), and can strengthen the immune
system, aid in digestion, and help prevent colds.
·
Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) has
its Latin botanical name because of the honeybees’ love for its aromatic
flowers (melissa is Greek for honeybee). In ancient mythology, the group
of nymphs called melissai were credited as those who discovered honey.
The herb is well known to calm the heart and uplift the spirit during times of
stress, and can support those with anxiety, depression, insomnia, and panic
attacks. It also has strong antiviral properties against herpes and shingles.
Dioscorides mentions its use as a wine-infused liniment in De Materia
Medica.
Lemon balm (Melissa
officinalis) calms the heart and uplifts the spirit.
·
Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) is
called dafni in Greek in reference to the myth about the god Apollo
pursuing the uninterested nymph Daphne. In response to her pleadings, the gods
granted her protection from Apollo by turning her into a bay tree, and
heartbroken Apollo subsequently symbolized the tree in honor of love-shorn
poets. In ancient Greece and Rome, bay leaves were used to make crowns for
kings, war heroes, and Olympians, and was said to provide protection from
disease and evil spirits. The priestesses at the Temple of Delphi may have
drank high-dose bay leaf tea to induce a trance state and be able to divine the
will of the gods.
Today, bay leaves are added to
foods to improve digestion (such as lentils), made as a tea to help fight colds
and fevers, and used externally to relieve arthritic pain and swelling. It may
also help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
·
St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum
L.) was also once believed to protect people from curses and demons.
Hippocrates, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides all wrote about its many therapeutic
applications. The herb is most often used for depression and anxiety, as noted
earlier by its Doctrine of Signatures. Crush its bright yellow flowers and be surprised
when a red dye appears, which when macerated and soaked in olive oil, can be
used externally for inflammation, neuralgic pain, bruises, and swelling. The
red color was likened to blood and thought to indicate its wound healing
properties. Given its antiviral properties, it also helps healing from shingles
and herpes (and taken together with lemon balm can provide a more profound
healing effect).
·
Mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus) produces
the mastiha resin that has been harvested for at least 3,000 years exclusively
on the island of Chios. Hippocrates recommended mastic for the prevention of
digestive problems and colds and to maintain oral health. It was also used as a
remedy to heal wounds, including snake bites, and improve the condition of the
blood. Mastic contains powerful antioxidants and has anti-inflammatory,
antibacterial, and antifungal properties, making it a trifecta of powerful
healing qualities.
·
Sage (Salvia officinalis) is
derived from the Latin word “to heal” and was the symbol of fertility, good
health, and a long life. The ancient Greeks, believing that sage protected one
from evil and conferred wisdom, used it to enhance mental abilities and in
sacred gatherings. It was drunk as tea to increase fertility and improve
digestion, and applied externally to treat venomous snake bites (a seemingly
common problem in ancient Greece). Dioscorides recommended sage wine for
“disorders of the kidneys, bladder and sides, as well as for … coughs, hernias,
bruises, and impeded menstrual flow.” Sage continues to be an antiseptic and
natural digestive, and excellent for its antidiabetic action.
